The Geomorphic Activity of Snow Avalanches

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Abstract
This paper reviews recent work (1960—present) on the geomorphic activity of snow avalanches. The spatial distribution of avalanche activity in mountain areas is strongly localised by topographic, vegetational and climatic controls. Optimal conditions for avalanche landforms occur on open, 25–50° slopes with well established avalanche tracks mantled by loose debris. Above treeline therefore, avalanches are a major process of loose debris transfer whereas below treeline their effects are mainly hydrologic or as a modifier of vegetation. Major landforms produced by snow avalanches are both erosional and depositional and may involve the modification of existing forms (e.g. gullies, talus) or the creation of new ones e.g. avalanche boulder tongues, avalanche pits. Published work in the last 15 years has corroborated Rapp's work in Scandinavia by recognising similar avalanche phenomena in other mountain areas and adding quantitative data on the amount and manner of debris movement by avalanches. The major developments have been the recognition of the importance and character of avalanche effects on alpine talus slopes and the effects of avalanches on snowmelt hydrology.

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