Comparison of Plant Macrofossils in Woodrat (Neotoma sp.) and Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) Middens from the Western United States

Abstract
Fossil porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) middens up to 25,000 years old were recently discovered in southwestern Arizona, south-central New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. These deposits contain different floras than contemporaneous, woodrat (Neotoma sp.) middens from the same sites because of contrasting diet and behavior. As might be expected from the occurrence of both woodrat and porcupine middens in the western U.S., the fossil middens of other cave-dwelling mammals are now being reported from arid lands worldwide.

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