RENAL FLUOROSCOPY AT THE OPERATING TABLE

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Abstract
Surgical treatment of renal lithiasis is rendered unsatisfactory by complications as follows: The difficulties of an exact interpretation of the roentgenogram. The difficulty of locating the stone. Inability to find the stone. The possibility of overlooking one or more stones when multiple stones are present. The possibility of having fragments of stones broken off or loosely connected with the original stone. It is true that a large number of renal stones are easily diagnosed and removed. This is particularly true of stones with a diameter of two or more centimeters, situated in the pelvis. When the stone is small and flat, however, or when it is deep in the calix, projecting into the cortex, palpation of the stone may be impossible, even when the kidney is brought out of the incision. The possibilities of error in diagnosis have been greatly reduced through the aid of cystoscopy and pyelography. Nevertheless, it

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