His1069Gln and six novel Wilson disease mutations: analysis of relevance for early diagnosis and phenotype

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Abstract
In the present study we examined 33 German and 10 Cuban unrelated Wilson disease (WND) index patients and their relatives. The common His1069Gln mutation accounted for 42% of all WND chromosomes in the German series and the haplotype C was found to be highly predictive for this mutation. Six WND gene mutations have not been described previously and involved a splice site at intron 18 (3903 + del1G), a termination codon in the copper-binding region of exon 2 (Cys271X), and missense mutations in transmembrane region 2 (Gly710Ala), in transmembrane region 3 (Tyr741Cys), in the DKTGT motif (Thr1031Ile) and in the ATP loop region (Gly1176Arg). In 15 German WND index patients and three sibs both WND mutations could be determined and a genotype-phenotype correlation was attempted. Patients homozygous for the His1069Gln mutation showed almost the complete range of clinical presentations, and thus in our study this mutation is not associated with a late, neurological presentation.

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