Sex differences in repolarization homogeneity and its circadian pattern

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Abstract
The reason for sex differences in arrhythmic risk remains unclear. Heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization is directly linked to arrhythmogenesis; thus we investigated repolarization homogeneity and its circadian pattern in men and women. During 24-h Holter recordings in 60 healthy subjects (27 males), a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained every 30 s. RR and QT intervals, and, after singular-value decomposition, two characteristics of repolarization homogeneity were calculated in each ECG. Corrected QT (QTc) values were obtained using an individually optimized heart rate (HR) correction formula. All values were averaged over 10-min time bands from 0000 to 2400. There were substantial sex differences in both global repolarization homogeneity (measured by the total cosine of the angle between QRS and T wave vectors) and regional homogeneity of repolarization (quantified independently by the relative T wave residuum). Whereas women throughout the 24 h followed more closely the pattern of inverse sequence between depolarization and repolarization, they also showed much higher localized repolarization heterogeneity than men. In both women and men, repolarization irregularity was greatest during morning hours. A sex difference was also observed for HR and QTc interval; however, the circadian patterns of the repolarization homogeneity descriptors were different from those of HR and QTc intervals.