Haldane's Rule in Taxa Lacking a Hemizygous X

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Abstract
Haldane's rule states that species hybrids of the XY sex are preferentially sterile or inviable. In all taxa known to obey this rule, the Y is inert and X-linked genes show full expression in XY individuals. Until recently, all theories of Haldane's rule depended on this hemizygosity. A test of Haldane's rule in animals lacking a hemizygous sex—mosquitoes having two functional sex chromosomes in both sexes—reveals that these species show Haldane's rule for sterility but not inviability. A related group having a “normal” hemizygous X obeys Haldane's rule for both sterility and inviability. These results support the faster male and dominance theories of Haldane's rule.