Interpreting Urban Carbon Monoxide Concentrations by Means of a Computerized Blood COHb Model

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Abstract
A practical, inexpensive computer model for estimating the level of blood COHb (% COHb) as a function of time for measured CO concentrations (ppm CO) was developed from data from published studies on the assimilation of CO into the blood of human subjects. The model was designed to consider more realistically the dynamic characteristics of urban CO concentrations measured continuously at air monitoring stations, and it was applied to a yr''s CO data measured at the San Jose, Ca, USA, air monitoring station (8760 h values). The model apparently can be used by local air pollution control agencies to calculate and print out estimated COHb levels alongside continuous CO concentration data. According to the model, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for CO sometimes were violated in San Jose without exceeding 2% COHb, as well as the converse: 2% COHb was exceeded without violating the standards. The model''s estimated COHb levels provided an advance warning of impending violation of the 8-h CO NAAQS, and analysis of the model''s response to CO spikes suggests that averaging periods as short as 10 or 15 min are necessary to preserve completely the dynamic characteristics of ambient CO monitoring data. The margin of safety included in the current CO NAAQS, apparently is not the same if the actual time variation of measured CO concentrations is taken into account.

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