Permanent Transvenous Balloon Occlusion of the Inferior Vena Cava Experience with 60 Patients

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Abstract
Traditional operations to obstruct the IVC [inferior vena cava] are often unsatisfactory because the morbidity and mortality is appreciable; poor risk patients do not tolerate surgical and anesthetic trauma. If the patient is anticoagulated, an operation requires that such desirable treatment be stopped. Ten years ago a study was begun to develop a transvenous method of IVC occlusion in the awake anticoagulated patient. Animal studies were done prior to patient application. A technique was evolved wherein IVC interruption could be accomplished with a balloon bearing catheter inserted through the jugular vein. The balloon was positioned with venography and, after inflation, held in place by lateral pressure in the distensible IVC. The catheter was then removed, leaving the balloon in position. Balloon occlusion was used in the management of 60 selected patients since 1970. Patients (29) were simultaneously anticoagulated without complication. Very sick patients tolerated the procedure well. No patient experienced further pulmonary emboli. Nine hospital deaths occurred from a variety of causes, none related to the balloon catheter. Late follow-up shows that the occluding balloon gradually deflates in about 12 mo. The remnant has remained stable in all patients, contained in a scar that permanently interrupts the IVC.