A simple piezoelectric drive for glass microelectrodes

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Abstract
A piezoelectric drive which produces rapid axial motion of a microelectrode has been developed. The device is easy to assemble and to align accurately. The amplitude of the movement can be precisely controlled over a range of 0.25-100 mu m. The motion can be completed in a few milliseconds. The device has been used to penetrate successfully the cell membranes of the large free-swimming protozoa Stentor. The device should prove useful for the penetration of other cells regardless of size.

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