Biology of mycorrhizal associations of epacrids (Ericaceae)

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Abstract
Epacrids, a group of southern hemisphere plants formerly considered members of the separate family Epacridaceae, are in fact most closely allied to the Vaccinioid tribe (Ericaceae). Epacrids and other extant ericoid mycorrhiza-forming plants appear to have a monophyletic origin. In common with many Ericaceae they form ericoid mycorrhizas. ITS sequence data indicate that the fungi forming ericoid mycorrhizas with epacrids and other extant Ericaceae are broadly similar, belonging to a poorly defined group of ascomycetes with phylogenetic affinities to Helotiales. The basic development and structure of ericoid mycorrhizal infections in epacrids is similar to other Ericaceae. However, data are limited on the structure and physiology of both hair roots and ericoid mycorrhizas for all Ericaceae. Relatively little is known about the functional significance of ericoid mycorrhizas in epacrids in southern hemisphere habitats that are often poor in organic matter accumulation. However the abilities of fungal endophytes of epacrids to utilize organic N and P substrates equal those of endophytes from northern hemisphere heathland plant hosts. Investigations using 15N/13C-labelled organic N substrates suggest that mycorrhizal endophytes are important, at least, to the N nutrition of their epacrid hosts in some habitats.