Noninvasive optical polarimetric glucose sensing using a true phase measurement technique

Abstract
The focus of this paper was to describe the development and testing of a noninvasive true phase optical polarimetry sensing system to monitor in vivo glucose concentrations. To demonstrate the applicability of this optical sensor for glucose measurement, we first calibrated the system and then tested it in vitro using both a glass test cell filled with glucose solution in the physiologic range, with a path length of 0.9 cm to approximate one centimeter path length present in the anterior chamber of the eye, and then on an excised human eye. Our technique used helium neon laser light which was coupled through a rotating linear polarizer along with two stationary linear polarizers and two detectors to produce reference and signal outputs whose amplitudes varied sinusoidally with a frequency of twice the angular velocity of the rotating polarizer, and whose phase was proportional to the rotation of the linear polarization vector passing through the glucose solution.