Predicting the occurrence of genetic adaptation to dioxinlike compounds in populations of the estuarine fishFundulus heteroclitus

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Abstract
A population of the nonmigratory estuarine fish species Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog) indigenous to a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated Superfund site (New Bedford Harbor, MA, USA) demonstrated an inherited tolerance to local, dioxinlike contaminants (DLCs). These findings suggest that DLCs have acted as selective agents, allowing the survival of only the most tolerant individuals, forming DLC-adapted populations. We hypothesized that DLC-tolerant mummichog populations would reside where local conditions are toxic to sensitive individuals, and that toxic environmental conditions could be predicted based on responses of sensitive early life stages to laboratory exposures of DLCs. As a measure of DLC tolerance, progeny of field-collected fish were tested in the laboratory with a dioxinlike PCB congener, 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126). Mummichog populations were collected from sites with sediment PCB concentrations predicted to range from nontoxic to toxic. Consistent with predictions, tolerant populations were indigenous to sites with elevated sediment PCB concentrations. Also, as predicted, DLC-tolerant populations were resident to sites far less contaminated than the Superfund site. These results suggest that exposures to persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic contaminants may produce evolutionary effects on a geographic scale larger than previously envisioned. This study presents an approach and describes a model system that may improve understanding of the scale of occurrence for these potentially irreversible ecological effects.