Chlorine and Oxygen Electrode Processes on Glasslike Carbon, Pyrolytic Graphite, and Conventional Graphite Anodes

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Abstract
The polarization behavior of glasslike carbon, pyrolytic graphite, and conventional graphite electrodes, in acidic solutions with and without Cl−, has been studied. The electrode surface is covered by carbon oxides of two types depending on the electrode potential. Formation of these oxides is also affected by the Cl− concentration, temperature, electrode material and its preparation. Electrode processes involving O2, , and were found to occur at high current densities. Transition from the chlorine evolution process to the over‐all oxygen electrode process is irreversible because of irreversible exchange between adsorbed chlorine and oxygen on the working electrode. The Tafel line for the chlorine formation reaction on a fresh carbon and/or graphite anode has the slope of 130–150 mV/decade, and the reaction order with respect to Cl− is unity.

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