Percutaneous Penetration of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Dextrans and the Mechanism for Enhancement Effect of Enhancers on the Intercellular Penetration.

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Abstract
To identify the mechanism involved in the enhancement effect of enhancers on the intercellular penetration of large polar molecules, the skin penetration of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextrans (average molecular weight; 4400, 9400, and 69000 Da) and the lipid removal from the intercellular spaces by enhancers were studied using hairless rat skin. Pretreatment of hairless rat skin with enhancers such as n-octanol (20%), laurocapram (2%), isopropylmyristate (IPM, 20%), oleic acid (5%) and cineol (2%), which are water-immiscible, significantly enhanced the flux of FITC-dextrans, while pretreatment with water-miscible enhancers, i.e. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 5%) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) did not increase the flux compared with the control. The penetration of FITC-dextrans was approximately size dependent. n-Octanol, laurocapram, IPM and oleic acid dramatically removed ceramides which are the intercellular lipids, whereas NMP and DMSO partly extracted the sphingolipids. A linear relationship was observed between the flux and removal of ceramides (p < 0.01), indicating that the removal of intercellular lipids would cause dramatic dilations between adherent cornified cells and enhance the penetration through the intercellular pathways. When the penetration of FITC-dextrans through Wistar rat skin was compared with that via hairless rat skin, the steady state flux of FITC-dextrans through Wistar rat skin pretreated with water-immiscible enhancers was 1.2- to 4.9-fold higher, suggesting that the penetration of large polar molecules through follicles may play at least some role in the percutaneous absorption.

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