Comparison of Adult Age Differences in Verbal and Visuo-Spatial Memory: The Importance of ‘Pure’, Parallel and Validated Measures

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Abstract
The study compared age-related decrements in verbal and visuo-spatial memory across a broad elderly adult age range. Twenty-four young (18–25 years), 24 young-old (65–74 years), 24 middle-old (75–84 years) and 24 old-old (85–93 years) adults completed parallel recall and recognition measures of verbal and visuo-spatial memory from the Doors and People Test (Baddeley, Emslie & Nimmo-Smith, 1994). These constituted ‘pure’ and validated indices of either verbal or visuo-spatial memory. Verbal and visuo-spatial memory declined similarly with age, with a steeper decline in recall than recognition. Unlike recognition memory, recall performance also showed a heightened decline after the age of 85. Age-associated memory loss in both modalities was largely due to working memory and executive function. Processing speed and sensory functioning (vision, hearing) made minor contributions to memory performance and age differences in it. Together, these findings demonstrate common, rather than differential, age-related effects on verbal and visuo-spatial memory. They also emphasize the importance of using ‘pure’, parallel and validated measures of verbal and visuo-spatial memory in memory ageing research.