Release of expiratory muscle activity by graded focal cold block in the medulla

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Abstract
Disinhibition or 'release' of expiratory muscle activity in response to focal cooling of various medullary structures was of two kinds: (1) release of rhythmic expiratory activity even when no such activity was recruited in the control situation and (2) release of tonic activity in the 'expiratory' muscles. Release of rhythmic expiratory activity was mainly elicited by focal cooling of structures in the intermediate part of the medulla and release of tonic activity was preferentially induced by cooling rostroventral structures, although a considerable overlap did occur. Release of rhythmic expiratory activity was not related to any changes in expiratory time (TE) or to any associated variations in the pattern of inspiratory activity. It showed a marked increase with increasing levels of PCO2. The release of tonic activity was not CO2-dependent. Both types of effects could be mimicked by focal microinjections of lignocaine and were reflected by corresponding changes in activity of a majority of the expiration-related neurons. These results suggest that complex and widespread neural substrates subserve the control of the intensity of rhythmic expiratory activity and of the tonic activity of the abdominal and intercostal muscles. These neural mechanisms can apparently operate independently from those controlling the inspiratory activity. The release of the tonic activity observed in the 'expiratory' muscles might reflect a disinhibition of mechanisms involved in non-respiratory functions of expiratory muscles.