Cardiopulmonary Bypass after 50 Years

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Abstract
A little more than 50 years ago, a hole inside a human heart was closed, with a machine maintaining life while the surgery was done. Within the next two years, four of eight children survived repair of complicated congenital heart defects in operations involving a similar machine. The heart–lung machine, as it was called, was invented and developed by John and Mary Gibbon (see Figure 1). Simultaneously, Forssmann, Cournand, and Richards developed cardiac catheterization that permitted anatomical and physiological diagnoses of heart disease during life. With the discovery and commercial production of the anticoagulant heparin, these two innovations spawned the modern . . .

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