Carbon-13 NMR study of the effects of fasting and diabetes on the metabolism of pyruvate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and of the utilization of pyruvate and ethanol in lipogenesis in perfused rat liver

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Abstract
13C NMR has been used to study the competition of pyruvate dehydrogenase with pyruvate carboxylase for entry of pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in perfused liver from streptozotocin-diabetic and normal donor rats. The relative proportion of pyruvate entering the TCA cycle by these two routes and estimated from the 13C enrichments at the individual carbons of glutamate when [3-13C]alanine was the only exogenous substrate present. In this way, the proportion of pyrivate entering by the pyruvate dehydrogenase route relative to the pyruvate carboxylase route was determined to be 1:1.2 .+-. 0.1 in liver from fed controls, 1:7.7 .+-. 2 in liver from 24-fasted controls, and 1:2.6 .+-. 0.3 in diabetic liver. Pursuant to this observation that conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) was greatest in perfused liver from fed controls, the incorporation of 13C label into fatty acids was monitored in this liver preparation. Livers were perfused under steady-state conditions with labeled substrates that are converted to either [2-13C]acetyl-CoA or [1-13C]acetyl-CoA, which in the de novo synthesis pathway label alternate carbons in fatty acids. With the exception of the repeating methylene carbons, fatty acyl carbons labeled by [1-13C]acetyl-CoA (from [2-13C]pyruvate) gave rise to resonances distinguishable on the basis of chemical shift from those observed when label was introduced by [3-13C]alanine plus [2-13C]ethanol, which are converted to [2-13C]acetyl-CoA. Thus, measurement of 13C enrichment at several specific sites in the fatty acyl chains in time-resolved spectra of perfused liver offers a novel way of monitoring the kinetics of the biosynthesis of fatty acids. In addition to obtaining the rate of lipogenesis, it was possible to distinguish the contributions of chain elongation from those of the de novo synthesis pathway and to estimate the average chain length of the 13C-labeled fatty acids produced. Finally, the proportion of the product of the de novo synthesis pathway that served as precursor for monoenoic acid was estimated from the time course for 13C enrichment at the olefinic fatty acyl carbon.