Nephrotoxicity of aminophenols: Effects of 4-dimethylaminophenol on isolated rat kidney tubules

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Abstract
In isolated rat kidney tubules DMAP was found to inhibit the gluconeogenesis from lactate, pyruvate, or dihydroxyacetone. The ratio DMAP/protein rather than the calculated concentration of DMAP determined the strength of the effect, 20–25 nmoles DMAP/mg protein inhibiting the rate of gluconeogenesis by about 50%. The inhibition was not reversible. Phenacetin, 4-aminophenol and 4-acetamidophenol were much less effective than DMAP in inhibiting gluconeogenesis in isolated rat kidney tubules. DMAP 14C-labeled in the ring was quickly bound to proteins in kidney tubules. A portion of DMAP which did not exceed about 4 nmoles/mg protein, was bound in compounds soluble in perchloric acid. From this portion tris-GS-DMAP was isolated. DMAP diminished the glutathione content of isolated rat kidney tubules. Reduced glutathione added before DMAP prevented the inhibition of gluconeogenesis and diminished the binding of DMAP to proteins. The binding of DMAP required oxygen and was inhibited by carbon monoxide or cyanide. Several enzymes from isolated kidney tubules were found to be inhibited by DMAP doses which inhibited gluconeogenesis. Large DMAP doses also diminished the sums of ATP + ADP + AMP as well as NAD + NADH and NADP + NADPH. This effect corresponded to an increase in nucleotide degradation products and to increased activity of extracellular LDH. The results indicate that the inhibition of gluconeogenesis by DMAP is not due to a specific effect on one enzyme or on membranes but to unspecific reactions with many substances.