Language and Words

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Abstract
Despite attention to effects of Confucianism on Asian communication, views of Confucian philosophy are hampered by predilection to look at its social implications rather than Confucius's many observations about words and speaking. Comprehensive examination of Confucian Analects yields four principles: (a) words define and reflect moral development, (b) beautiful words lacking substance are blameworthy, (c) actions are more important than words, and (d) appropriate speaking relies on rules of propriety. Five weaknesses are found in current views linking Confucianism and Asian communication: (a) collectivist metaphors are inappropriately foregrounded, (b) social position is assumed incompatible with individual will, (c) moral character is excluded from discussion of language in Confucian societies, (d) personal freedom is thought the essence of ability to reason and formulate messages, and (e) Confucianism is used retroactively to explain observed communication behaviors in Confucian societies. Research suggestions from several disciplines and methodologies are offered.