Population Characteristics of Grizzly Bears in Glacier National Park, Montana

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Abstract
Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were studied in Glacier National Park, Montana, from 1967 through 1971. Annual samples of density permitted total park population estimates that ranged from 175 to 230 grizzlies. Mean population composition was 49, 19, 17, and 15 per cent unclassified adults, productive females, cubs, and yearlings, respectively. Production of cubs varied from year to year. Comparable litter sizes for cubs (1.7) and yearlings (1.8) suggested a low mortality rate for cubs. Differences in productivity between years appeared related to variations in length of maternal relationships. Social structure was characterized by a predominance of single individuals and family groups. Other groupings resulted from mating behavior, maintaining the integrity of litters following dissolution of the maternal bond, unusual relationships, or response to preferred food sources. A mean mortality of 1.8 grizzlies per year resulted from management to protect park visitors. Mortality in areas immediately adjacent to the park is summarized. Population regulation and the impact of human activity on the population are discussed.

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