Determination of Cardiac Output By Equating Venous Return Curves With Cardiac Response Curves

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Abstract
The factors which affect the ability of the heart to respond with increasing cardiac output as the right atrial pressure rises were discussed. On the other hand, the less popularized factors which affect venous return of blood to the heart were discussed at greater length, it pointing out that right atrial pressure opposes return of blood to the heart, whereas the mean circulatory filling pressure promotes return of blood to the heart. The difference between mean circulatory filling pressure and right atrial pressure represents a pressure gradient of venous flow. Changes in peripheral resistance occurring near the right atrium greatly affect venous return, whereas changes in peripheral resistance occurring at progressively greater distances from the right atrium have progressively less effect on venous return. The various factors affecting venous return were expressed in a formula. It was illustrated how venous return curves can be equated with cardiac response curves; by equating these curves both the cardiac output and the right atrial pressure are simultaneously determined.
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