DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC RESIDUES AS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS DRYLAND SPRING WHEAT-FALLOW ROTATIONS

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Abstract
Three non-replicated, non-fertilized, dryland grain rotations — continuous wheat, wheat-fallow, and wheat-wheat-fallow — were established in 1912 on a Dark Brown Chernozemic soil. In 1967, the rotations were altered to include an annual application of 45 kg N/ha to a portion of each field. Above- and below-ground organic residue and soil were sampled in September 1975, April and August 1976, and April 1977 from both the fertilized and non-fertilized treatments of each rotation to measure the effects of the rotations on a number of chemical characteristics. The soil samples were analyzed for pH and contents of C, N, ethanol/benzene- and resin-extractable C, polysaccharides, and waterstable aggregates. The organic residues were analyzed for contents of C, N, ethanol/benzene-extractable C, lignin, and methoxyl groups, and for caloric content. The soils of the continuous wheat rotation contained the most C, total N, and polysaccharides, whereas the soils of the wheat-fallow rotation were about 12 percentage points higher in resin-extractable C than those of the continuous wheat or wheat-wheat-fallow rotations. The cultivated soils contained 47% less C, 46% less N, 53% less polysaccharides, 100% more solvent-extractable C, 49% more resin extractable C, and a slightly higher pH than the soils from the proximate native grassland. Individual rotations had little effect on the chemical composition of organic residues on the soil surface but did affect the decomposition and nature of subsurface plant residues.