A Study of the Turning of Steel Employing a New-Type Three-Component Dynamometer

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Abstract
This paper is intended to present the results obtained in measuring with a new type of dynamometer the three components of the cutting force when turning with single-point tools. This dynamometer measures the cutting force as a function of the elasticity of its steel members. The forces are read on dial indicators and are not recorded graphically. The dynamometer is very rigid and simple in construction. It was developed by the authors to overcome many difficulties of calibration inherent in hydraulic recording dynamometers previously used by them. In the turning of steel, the cutting force is conveniently resolved into tangential, radial, and longitudinal components. The tangential component accounts for practically all of the power required to remove the metal, the longitudinal component accounts for the power for feeding the tool along the cylindrical work, and the radial component holds the tool to the correct depth of cut and in so doing produces no power. The magnitude of these forces and their relation to each other varies widely for different metals. For a given material they change as the feed and depth of cut are changed, or as the tool shape is changed. Only slight changes result from a change in cutting speed. This paper presents the results of a fundamental study of several phases of machinability in which the three components of the cutting force are determined for various tool shapes and sizes of cut. The built-up edge, its shape, size, and stability are studied as functions of the cutting speed. The temperature developed at the cutting point as affected by the cutting speed was determined by the tool-work thermocouple.

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