Regulation of Nuclear Transport: Central Role in Development and Transformation?

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Abstract
Transport of macromolecules into and out of the nucleus is generally effected by targeting signals that are recognized by specific members of the importin/exportin transport receptor family. The latter mediate passage through the nuclear envelope‐embedded nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) by conferring interaction with NPC constituents, as well as with other components of the nuclear transport machinery, including the guanine nucleotide‐binding protein Ran. Importantly, nuclear transport is regulated at multiple levels via a diverse range of mechanisms, such as the modulation of the accessibility and affinity of target signal recognition by importins/exportins, with phosphorylation/dephosphorylation as a major mechanism. Alteration of the level of the expression of components of the nuclear transport machinery also appears to be a key determinant of transport efficiency, having central importance in development, differentiation and transformation.