The Colonization and Establishment of Invading Bacteria in Periodontium of Ligature-Treated Immunosuppressed Rats

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Abstract
The morphologic features and pattern of bacterial invasion of the periodontal tissue in ligature-induced periodontal defects of immunosuppressed rats were studied. Silk ligatures were placed circumferentially on the maxillary left second molar of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats. The treatment group (14 rats) received Cytoxan (75 mg/kg) the day after ligature placement and at Day 4. The control group (10 rats) received no medication. All animals were sacrificed on Day 8 and the maxillae processed for light and electron microscopy. Only ligated sites in immunosuppressed animals exhibited bacterial invasion. Invading bacteria consists of microcolonies of Gram-negative and Gram-positive coccoid cells and rods located near the tissue surface. Each microcolony consisted of morphologically homogeneous microorganisms. The deeper sites revealed a diffuse invasion of Gram-negative rods which appeared morphologically similar. Other features associated with invasion were complete destruction of epithelial tissue next to the ligature and the lack of inflammatory cells in the gingival region. These findings, when compared to those of other reports of tissue penetration by bacteria, point to the necessity of differentiating between bacterial invasion of gingival tissues, associated with penetration of tissues by proliferating bacteria, and bacterial translocation, a situation in which bacteria are passively carried into the tissues, for example by mechanical manipulation immediately before or during biopsy taking, or possibly during processing for histology.