Abstract
The recent report from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) of lack of benefit of oestrogen and progesterone (E+P) therapy in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has generated considerable discussion within the epidemiology community as to the importance of observational studies.1 –6 The results of the WHI are not an isolated phenomenon. Rather, as has been noted, a series of clinical trials have documented lack of benefit of oestrogen alone or E+P therapy in both primary and secondary prevention of CHD as well as in the progression of carotid intimal medial thickness or coronary stenosis.7

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