Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Virion Host Shutoff Protein Regulates Alpha/Beta Interferon but Not Adaptive Immune Responses during Primary Infection In Vivo

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Abstract
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) virion host shutoff (vhs) protein, the product of the UL41 (vhs) gene, is an important determinant of HSV virulence. vhs has been implicated in HSV interference with host antiviral immune responses, down-regulating expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules to help HSV evade host adaptive immunity. The severe attenuation of vhs-deficient viruses in vivo could reflect their inability to escape immune detection. To test this hypothesis, BALB/c or congenic SCID mice were infected intravaginally (i.vag.) with the HSV type 2 (HSV-2) vhs null mutant 333d41 or the vhs rescue virus 333d41R. vhs-deficient virus remained severely attenuated in SCID mice compared with rescue virus, indicating that vhs regulation of adaptive immune responses does not influence HSV pathogenesis during acute infection. Innate antiviral effectors remain intact in SCID mice; prominent among these is alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β). The attenuation of HSV-2 vhs mutants could reflect their failure to suppress IFN-α/β-mediated antiviral activity. To test this hypothesis, 129 and congenic IFN-α/β receptor-deficient (IFN-α/βR−/−) mice were infected i.vag. with wild-type virus, vhs null mutants 333-vhsB or 333d41, or the vhs rescue virus 333d41R. Whereas vhs-deficient viruses showed greatly reduced replication in the genital mucosa of 129 mice compared with wild-type or vhs rescue viruses, they were restored to nearly wild-type levels of replication in IFN-α/βR−/− mice over the first 2 days postinfection. Only wild-type and vhs rescue viruses caused severe genital disease and hind limb paralysis in 129 mice, but infection of IFN-α/βR−/− mice restored the virulence of vhs-deficient viruses. vhs-deficient viruses replicated as vigorously as wild-type and rescue viruses in the nervous systems of IFN-α/βR−/− mice. Restoration was specific for the vhs mutation, because thymidine kinase-deficient HSV-2 did not regain virulence or the capacity to replicate in the nervous systems of IFN-α/βR−/− mice. Furthermore, the defect in the IFN-α/β response was required for restoration of vhs-deficient virus replication and virulence, but the IFN-α/β-stimulated protein kinase R pathway was not involved. Finally, vhs of HSV-2 has a unique capacity to interfere with the IFN-α/β response in vivo, because an HSV-1 vhs null mutant did not recover replication and virulence after i.vag. inoculation into IFN-α/βR−/− mice. These results indicate that vhs plays an important role early in HSV-2 pathogenesis in vivo by interfering with the IFN-α/β-mediated antiviral response.