Lead Levels in Preindustrial Humans

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Abstract
We estimate that the natural blood lead concentration of humans is about 0.8 nmol per liter (0.016 μg per deciliter). This estimate is 50- to 200-fold lower than the lowest reported blood lead levels of contemporary humans in remote regions of the southern (39 nmol per liter)1 and northern (160 nmol per liter)2 hemispheres. It is more than two orders of magnitude (i.e., 600-fold) lower than the upper blood lead concentration of 480 nmol per liter (10 μg per deciliter) that is currently considered acceptable for children.3

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