Disengagement and Morale

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Abstract
In an empirical study of the “disengagement theory” of aging, the factor of morale was found unrelated to marital status, sex, health status, income, cause of unemployment, aging, and engagement. The study replicated the methods used by Cumming and Henry in their Kansas City Study of Aging, including their “morale index.” Morale appears to be related to life style and circumstances often beyond control: health, income, widowhood, and retirement. It is suggested that the process of social withdrawal be studied since only voluntary disengagement may yield high morale, while enforced, stressful disengagement may be associated with hopelessness and despair.

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