Increased expression of human thioredoxin/adult T cell leukemia–derived factor in Sjögren's syndrome

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Abstract
Objective. To determine the involvement of human thioredoxi/adult T cell leukemia–derived factor (TRX/ADF) in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and the correlation with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). Methods. Indirect immunohistochemical techniques and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were utilized to analyze TRX/ADF expression and the presence of EBV, using 6 normal tissues and 23 surgical specimens. The kinetics of expression of TRX/ADF induced by EBV was examined in vitro with peripheral blood B cells from EBV‐seronegative donors. Results. Marked expression of TRX/ADF was found in the infiltrating B cells and the epithelial cells of salivary gland tissues from patients with SS (11 of 12 cases), but not in those from patients with other salivary gland inflammatory conditions (0 of 11 cases) or those of normal individuals (0 of 6 cases). In immunohistologic analyses, a striking topographic correlation between TRX/ADF and EBV was found. The coexistence of TRX/ADF messenger RNA and EBV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (r = 0.75, P < 0.01). Peripheral blood B cells from EBV‐seronegative donors showed de novo synthesis of TRX/ADF following in vitro infection with EBV. EBV‐infected B cell lines all expressed TRX/ADF. TRX/ADF was not detected in non‐EBV‐infected cells. Tumors in SCID mice reconstituted with mononuclear cells of salivary glands from SS patients, which were composed of human B cells carrying EBV DNA, were positive for TRX/ADF. Conclusion. These findings suggest that TRX/ADF expression closely reflects the intracellular event of EBV reactivation in SS. This is also the first report to show the ectopic in vivo expression of TRX/ADF in human autoimmune disease.
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