The Role of Percutaneous Surgery in Renal and Ureteral Stone Removal

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Abstract
Percutaneous procedures are appropriate for a wide variety of renal and ureteral stones. In the era of shock wave lithotripsy percutaneous procedures usually are indicated in stones for which extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is not appropriate. Many of these situations occur in patients with large stones, and stones associated with obstruction and other problems. Indications for percutaneous stone removal and indications for open surgery are discussed.