Major limb malformations following intrauterine exposure to ethanol: Two additional cases and literature review

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Abstract
Two children are reported in whom major limb malformations were identified and whose mothers had consumed large quantities of alcohol in the first trimester of pregnancy. In one there was complete amelia of the upper limbs, while the other had preaxial polydactyly of both hands. These cases, taken together with previously reported instances of major limb anomalies following intrauterine ethanol exposure, as well as animal investigations that have demonstrated virtually identical limb malformations following ethanol administration, suggest that maternal ethanol abuse may be causally related to these limb malformations. We suggest that interruption of blood supply to the developing limb may be caused by ethanol exposure and may result in all of the various limb malformations described.