Stabilization ponds: Design and operation

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Abstract
This review will initially consider the reasons for employing stabilization ponds and will discuss their advantages and disadvantages as reflected by their present widespread usage. The differentiation of ponds into specific types will then be reviewed with possibly a conclusion being drawn which is to be followed by a consideration of the mode of operation of the defined pond types and will include the concepts of loadings, oxygen sources, stratification and surface streaming, seasonal feedback, the treatment of strong industrial wastewaters, and the removal of bacteria, nutrients and biodegradable organic material. The subject of process design will be reviewed at some length with all the advocated approaches being considered. The use of one or more of these techniques will be supported. Finally, the effects, advantages, disadvantages, potentials, and currently suggested harvesting and removal techniques of algae in ponds will be reviewed at length.