Reflections on the management of reproductive failure in the antiphospholipid syndrome—the clinician’s perspective

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Abstract
It is well known that women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who have antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are at increased risk for pregnancy loss. Additionally, other reproductive processes, such as unexplained infertility and implantation failure after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer may be affected by aPL. Thus, clinical manifestations of the so-called ‘gynaecoobstetrical antiphospholipid syndrome’ have been expanded into the concept of the ‘reproductive autoimmune failure syndrome’. However, this is still a matter of debate with no general agreement with respect to both pathophysiological signi” cance of the presence of aPL and patient management. This article analyses a number of controversies in the management of reproductive failure potentially associated with aPL in order to help clinicians dealing with such condition in daily clinical practice.