Direct determination of ratios of electron and Penning excitation rates for Cd(II) excited states in the positive column He-Cd+laser discharge

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Abstract
A new method has been developed in which the author can determine ratios of electron and Penning excitation rates for Cd(II) excited states directly by superposing quasi-CW and CW excitations. In positive column He-Cd+ laser discharges, the ratios have been determined and it has been proved that the stepwise excitation process exceeds the Penning excitation process for the laser upper states 5s2 2D and also the laser lower states 5p 2P under the discharge conditions for laser action.