Biologically Active Peptides from Milk Proteins with Emphasis on Two Examples Concerning Antithrombotic and Immunomodulating Activities

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Abstract
The present paper is devoted to the study of short peptides derived from milk proteins with physiological activities. Some of them behaved as opioids, enzyme inhibitors that convert angiotensin I, peptides that enhance calcium absorption, antiaggregating and antithrombotic peptides, and immunomodulating peptides. Some possessed several physiological properties, such as the C-terminal part of bovine alpha s1-casein. A strategic zone, containing immunostimulating and opioid peptides, could be located in cow and human beta-caseins. Few of these peptides or precursor peptides have so far been characterized in vivo in blood or brain after ingestion of milk. If, in the future, some of the active peptides cannot be characterized in vivo, they can all nevertheless be synthesized and used either as food additives or in pharmacology.