Glucose and sulfate conjugation of phenolic compounds by the spiny lobster (panulirus argus)

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Abstract
Previous work has shown that the hepatopancreas of the spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) contains a mixed-function oxidase system capable of catalyzing the monooxygenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to highly toxic products similar to those formed by mammalian tissues. Studies were designed to determine the ability of the spiny lobster to conjugate the phenolic compounds 4-methylumbelliferone, p-nitrophenol, β-naphthol, and 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene with endogenous molecules. The hepatopancreas contained UDP-glucose (UDPG) dependent glucosyltransferase, while no activity was detected when UDP-glucuronic acid was used as the cosubstrate. Atypical Michaelis-Menten kinetics result with varying concentrations of UDPG, indicating that multiple forms of glucosyltransferase may exist in this organ. The activity was localized in the microsomal fraction, exhibited a pH optimum at 8.0–8.5, and a temperature optimum of 30°C. Sulfate conjugation was found only in the cytosolic fraction of the antennal gland and used adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as the sulfate donor (Km (apparent) =9.0 ± 4.9 μM). Hepatopancreas cytosol inhibited sulfotransferase activity. The pH optimum of antennal gland sulfotransferase was a function of the substrate and ranged from 5.5 to 7.4. Analysis of spiny lobster urine 24 hr following exposure to 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene demonstrated the ability of the lobster to form both the sulfate and glucoside conjugate in vivo.

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