Soil Physical Factors Affecting Root Morphology and Stability of Scots Pine on Upland Heaths

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Abstract
Forty trees, on five heathland soil types, were pulled over and their resistance compared with described profile and physical features. Root morphology was found to be important for stability as was stem weight and soil strength. Ironpans reduce permeability to vertical drainage and delay but do not bar limited root penetration to the lower horizons. Root extension ceases at soil densities of about 1·5 g./cc. On freely rooted profiles root systems may continue to expand but on ironpan soils have occupied available space (at 30 years) and further increases in tree size will result in increased instability.

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