Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid as biomarkers of oxidative stress caused by smoking

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Abstract
Using a reliable, newly developed assay for ascorbic acid (reduced form) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA; the oxidized form) in plasma, we studied the influence of age, sex, and smoking on 219 healthy, age-stratified, and randomly selected subjects representing the Danish population. The mean (+/-SD) plasma total ascorbic acid (ascorbic acid + DHAA) concentration was lower in smokers (62.8 +/- 24.9 mumol/L) than in nonsmokers (74.9 +/- 23.6 mumol/L) (P < 0.001) and the DHAA content was 1.8 +/- 4.0% of the total ascorbic acid in smokers compared with 0.1 +/- 3.1% in nonsmokers (P < 0.001). A significant inverse correlation between the DHAA fraction and the total ascorbic acid concentration was found in smokers (P < 0.002) but not in smokers; the slopes of the linear regressions were significantly different in the two groups (P < 0.005). The mean plasma concentration of total ascorbic acid was higher in females than in males (P < 0.005); this difference persisted in multivariate analysis when smoking was adjusted for. No age dependence could be identified. The data show that smoking results in severe oxidative stress, depletion of the ascorbic acid pool, and insufficient reduction capacity to maintain ascorbic acid in the reduced form in plasma. We suggest that the additional analysis of DHAA allows further differentiation in the assessment of oxidative stress and may provide an objective way of determining vitamin C requirements in smokers. Preliminary findings suggest that a vitamin C dose that results in a plasma concentration of approximately 70 mumol/L or higher is required in smokers.