The search for a “pure” visual memory test: Pursuit of perfection?

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Abstract
Factor analyses of clinical memory tests have demonstrated that scores on tests purported to measure “visual memory” load highly on visuoperceptual and visuoconstructional factors with modest loadings on measures that define general learning and memory. This may reflect the multifactorial nature of visual-spatial memory and a multitude of methodological and test construction issues. This paper is intended to provide the clinical neuropsychologist with an explanation as to why the search for a pure measure of visual memory has been an arduous one and identifies five reasons for this apparent difficulty. Suggested directions for future nonverbal memory test development are offered.