The Radiological Demonstration of the Azygos and other Thoraco-abdominal Veins in the Living

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Abstract
On the basis of the physiological data which support the application of trans-osseous phlebography, the author submits the method of direct introduction of the opaque medium into the spinous process of thoracic vertebrae or into the posterior segments of the ribs. The purpose is to study the azygos and the venous systems connecting the superior and inferior vena cava. The results obtained are demonstrative and encouraging as regards the possibility for practical application of the method in pathological cases. The method is easy to carry out and does not require any special equipment. As far as the patient is concerned the method is painless and devoid of any real danger.

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