The influence of histamine and PGE2-induced hyperaemia and oedema on respiratory metabolism in normal human forearm skin

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Abstract
Transcutaneous measurements of pO2 and pCO2 were made on the forearm skin after intradermal injection of histamine, PGE2, and saline. The mediators, used at concentrations which induce intense hyperaemia, did not modify the steady state tcpO2/pCO2 levels measured with a sensor head temperature of 44°C when breathing air or hyperbaric (2ATA) oxygen. It was deduced that gas transport is unaffected by mediator-induced conditions in the skin. The rates of fall of tcpO2 and of rise of tcpCO2 after arresting the forearm circulation by cuff occlusion of the arm were significantly less at the histamine site than at the PGE2 and saline sites. The values over the PGE2 and saline injection sites were less than those over undisturbed skin. The dynamic tests of respiratory gas exchange indicate that the skin metabolic rate is reduced at all injection sites and the greatest effect was seen with histamine. Measurement of dermal thickness after saline injection has shown that the excess interstitial fluid persists at the time of maximal hyperaemia: this is further accentuated at the histamine site through active oedema formation. Accumulation of excess intestitial fluid (persistence of aqueous injection or oedema generated by the action of mediator) separates the tissue cells. The reduction in the number of cells per unit volume is sufficient to explain the observed reduction in oxygen consumption per unit volume of skin. It is concluded that the increased diffusional distances in mediator-induced oedema are unimportant for the respiration of otherwise normal tissues, but that oedema by reducing oxygen flux may contribute appreciably to the hypoxia of inflammed tissue infiltrated with metabolically active cells.