Energetics of the Little Penguin, Eudyptula Minor: Temperature Regulation, the Calorigenic Effect of Food, and Moulting.

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Abstract
Rates of oxygen consumption and means of augmenting the resultant heat production were studied in the little penguin, Eudyptula minor. Metabolic rates were lower than those predicted for a 1-kg bird, but shivering and an energy response to feeding were both present. The latter effect was independent of ambient temperatures between 2 deg and 22 deg C. The birds have limited ability to dissipate heat by evaporative water loss. About 40% of the total heat production was the maximum amount lost by this route. Cooling of expired respiratory gas provided an effective saving of heat and water. Moulting resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in metabolic rate but rates of evaporative water loss were reduced. The increase in heat production is correlated with increased thermal conductance across the body surface, as new feathers are synthesized, but body temperature is the same as in non-moulting penguins. The results suggest that increased heat loss when the birds are in water might be replaced by calorigenesis associated with the response to feeding, and by shivering, as well as by activity.