Oxide Adherence and Porcelain Bonding to Titanium and Ti-6A1-4V Alloy

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Abstract
The bonding of an experimental low-fusing porcelain to titanium and Ti-6AI-4V was evaluated by an x-ray spectrometric technique that measures the area that remains covered with porcelain following a controlled deformation of the metallic substrate. Oxide adherence strength values for titanium and Ti- 6AI-4V oxidized at 750° and 1000°C were measured in tension with use of high-strength adhesives. The effect of further oxidation that would occur during porcelain firing was evaluated via simulated porcelain firings without actual porcelain application. Interface cross-sections of the titanium-porcelain and Ti-6AI-4V-porcelain bonds were examined in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The porcelain was found to delaminate completely from the metal substrate, leaving less than 1% of the surface covered with porcelain. The oxide adherence of the specimens oxidized at 750°C was good, but those oxidized at 1000°C exhibited significantly lower oxide adherence (p = 0.001). The simulated porcelain-firing oxidation treatments also produced a significant decrease in oxide adherence (p = 0.004). The 750°C oxidation treatments produced oxide films too thin to be visualized in the SEM, whereas the 1000°C oxidation treatments produced oxide films approximately 1 µm thick. The lower oxide adherence of the 1-~,m-thick oxide films is consistent with reports in the titanium literature of oxide delamination when the oxide film reaches 1 µm in thickness.