Umbilical vascular catheters: Localization by two-dimensional echocardio/aortography

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Abstract
Umbilical vascular catheters are often necessary in the care of critically ill neonates. Position of the catheter tip is usually determined by roentgenography. Location of the umbilical arterial or venous catheter was determined by 2-dimensional echocardio/aortography in 55 consecutive infants and was compared to localization by thoraco-abdominal roentgenography. Most of the infants (76%) had respiratory distress syndrome or congenital heart disease. Echoaortographic localization of the umbilical arterial catheter correlated very closely (N = 50, r = .90) with roentgenographic determination. For localization of the tip of the umbilical venous catheters, echocardiography was more accurate than roentgenography (employing contrast echocardiography for confirmation of cardiac chamber position). Two-dimensional echocardio/aortographic localization of the tip of indwelling umbilical vascular catheters is as accurate as roentgenography in the arterial system and more accurate than x-ray for umbilical venous catheters. Echocardio/aortography is superior to roentgenography (in localizing the catheter tip) because it 1) avoids ionizing radiation, 2) makes positioning of the patient unnecessary, 3) allows visualization of the catheter in relation to cardiovascular structures, and 4) may allow demonstration of intraarterial thrombo-emboli.