Covert manipulation of the ratio of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy density: effect on food intake and energy balance in free-living men eating ad libitum

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Abstract
We previously increased the energy density and fat content across three diets (factorial design), which led to a marked increase in energy intake in six men over 7 d while continuously resident in a whole-body indirect calorimeter. In the present study we fed the same diets to seven men who were resident in, but not confined to, a metabolic suite for 2 wk/diet. This added a component of increased physical activity. The fat, carbohydrate, and protein contents, respectively, of each diet (as a percent of energy) were as follows: low-fat (LF), 20:67:13; medium-fat (MF), 40:47:13; and high-fat (HF), 60:27:13. Energy density increased as the percent of fat in the diet increased. Energy intakes from the LF, MF, and HF diets (9.11, 10.32, and 12.78 MJ/d, respectively) were almost identical to those in our calorimeter study (9.02, 10.2, and 12.35 MJ/d, respectively) whereas energy expenditures (estimated by the doubly labeled water method) were 12.45, 12.10, and 11.97 MJ/d on the LF, MF and HF diets, respectively, compared with 9.48, 9.53, and 9.78 MJ/d, respectively, in our calorimeter study. This finding suggests that diet composition and energy expenditure combined influence energy balance in humans.