Levamisole and bovine immunity: in vitro and in vivo effects on immune responses to herpesvirus immunization

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Abstract
Levamisole was shown to enhance in vitro blastogenic responses of bovine lymphocytes to nonspecific mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen) as well as to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and purified protein derivative. Greatest enhancement was observed at suboptimal concentrations of viral antigen. In addition to enhancing lymphocyte reactivity levamisole also affected macrophage activity as determined by increased Fc receptor activity and [3H]glucosamine incorporation. Levamisole (5–50 μg/mL) enhanced type II immune (or γ) interferon production by macrophage–lymphocyte cultures. Administration of levamisole and attenuated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine virus in vivo did not elevate cellular or humoral responses.