Water-Hammer Analysis Including Fluid Friction

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Abstract
A theoretical analysis of water hammer with the inclusion of hydraulic friction losses leads to a set of nonlinear, partial differential equations. These equations are transformed into characteristic equations that are then organized into difference equations suitable for high-speed digital computers. Computer programs have been written and several problems have been solved by use of this method. Experiments on two 300-ft sections of copper tubing have been conducted for rapid valve closure at the downstream end. The same problems have been programmed, including the volumetric capacity of the pressure transducers, and the results are presented together with their experimental verification. The method developed is a practical one for analyzing complex water-hammer situations, with or without inclusion of friction.

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