Sex and social class as determinants of future orientation (time perspective) in adolescents.

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Abstract
Tested hypotheses concerning the effects of sex and class on future orientation; Ss were 50 male and 50 female students, ages 14-16 yrs. Future orientation was measured in various domains of life, constituting either private or public areas of concern (e.g., family and environment) and on the dimensions of density (number of hopes and fears voiced by the S), extension, and optimism-pessimism. As predicted, middle-class adolescents, as compared with lower-class adolescents, voiced more hopes and fears relating to public life and fewer in the private sphere, and they manifested a more extended future orientation in the private as well as the public spheres. They also judged the distant future more optimistically in 2 out of 3 public areas of concern. Lower-class females were more optimistic than the middle-class females in the occupational domain. As predicted, the lower-class males voiced more hopes and fears in the occupational domain and manifested a more extended future orientation than the lower-class females. On the other hand, females of both classes voiced more hopes and fears in the private sphere than males of either class. Results are interpreted in terms of theories of socialization and role behavior. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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